Study of Mobile Phone Addiction and Usage Behavior Among Youths free essay sample

The purpose of this report is to investigate the mobile phone addiction and usage behaviors focused on young users and research the relationships of them. The research shows that most of young users keep their phones on hand all the day because they need to contact with friends through talking on the phone or text message with them. In addition, as the development of internet, people can release fresh news anytime at anywhere. Anyone else could see that and they could exchange ideas about fashions on the phone through internet too. Besides, the author believed that the more use of mobile phone, the more attendant problem will appear. The conclusion has shown that the relationship between mobile phone addiction and usage behavior is cause and effect. Peer relationship restrict them have to take their mobile phone everywhere, it is quite possible to be addicted in the mobile phone uses and lead to some bad usage behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Mobile Phone Addiction and Usage Behavior Among Youths or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The recommendations of the report are focused on young people restrictions. On the other hand, young people should also be encouraged to engage in some extra activities after class to build up their true relationships and learning some living skills. Introduction In this day and age, it is universally acknowledged that mobile phone is among the most prominent kinds of information and communications technology (ICT) and is probably also the one that has shown the most spectacular development during the past few years with regard to technological innovations, social impact, and general use by the majority of the population (M. Choliz, 2013). Especially in young people, mobile phones are spreading in popularity, increase their social communication frequency and expand their opportunities for making social relationships (Igarashi et al. , 2005 and Matsuda, 2000) using this technology. However, there are also some negative effects on using mobile phones among young people. For example, the use of mobile phones in schools reduces the concentration of the students during class (Hiscock, 2004 and Selwyn, 2003), creates billing problems (Funston and Mac Neill, 1999 and Youth Action, 2004), leads to unsafe driving habits (Pennay, 2006 and Walsh et al. 2008), and causes mobile phone addiction (Ehrenberg et al. , 2008 and Walsh and White, 2007). Of all of these outcomes, mobile phone addiction has the strongest relationships with mobile phone usage. Therefore, examining the relationships between mobile phone addiction and mobile phone usage for adolescents can help them keep away from addiction and cultivate healthy habits of usag e behavior. Method This survey was completed by interviews of schoolmates and some investigations in the electronic database. Ten respondents (5 male and 5 female) were asked a series of questions regarding their opinions of mobile phones addiction and their mobile phones usage situation includes the daily mobile phone usage-time and the amount of money spent monthly on mobile phone. Respondents provided details about their average daily time using mobile phone; then they were asked to answer two open-questions. In the meantime, in order to clarify the relationships between the mobile phones addiction and usage behavior, the author also searches the electronic database to find some authoritative articles in Expanded Academic ASAP Journal. Mobile phone addiction and mobile phone usage behavior According to the survey, 95% of the respondents said they spent almost half of the daytime on their mobile phones, even at night; they are unwilling to put it away from hands. Research shows that mobile phone addiction is significantly correlated with the total of phone-talk time, and the number of calls and text messages (Billieux et al. , 2007 and Billieux et al. , 2008). Besides, mobile phone usage behavior can spread fast through young people because they like to chat or contact with friends no matter when and where. If someone do not have a mobile phone or do not usually use it, it maybe means that he/she cannot catch up with fresh news or fashions† according to one of my classmates. Therefore, it is common to see that mobile phone has almost become a necessity between young people. The research also tends to show that the hypothesis of the greater the use of mobile phones then the higher will be the instance of mobile phone addiction and the attendant problems. For instance, the earlier the respondents began to use the mobile phone, the worse grade they have got and the deeper near-sighted they were. Conclusion In conclusion, the study revealed some reasons that caused mobile phone addiction and usage behaviors. The relationship between the two results is causality. Because most of young people share their opinions through mobile phones, the relationships restrict them to carry their phones. They could fall into bad habits, like addiction. Then the usage behavior will soon come into being. The report concludes that there are problems that need to be solved and it will list recommendations in the next section. Recommendations As a result of interviews of schoolmates, it is recommended that: †¢ Mobile phones should not be carried with hand in classrooms †¢ As far as the author concerned that there should be a time constraints of young mobile phones users in which they could more likely keep away from the negative effect. †¢ Students should be encouraged to join into after class activities to establish the real relationships around themselves and cultivate the great skills or habits of their life. †¢ The mobile phone users are becoming younger and younger; they should be attached great importance to the phone addictions and usage behaviors.

Free Essays on I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud

worth uses various natural phenomena, such as clouds, daffodils and waves, as devices to characterize his speaker’s different stages of emotion and feeling. The first few lines of the poem portrays the speaker’s initial emotion. â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud, that floats on high o’er vales and hills,† the speaker is described as a â€Å"cloud,† lonely, aimless, and cruising quickly and lightly through â€Å"vales† and â€Å"hills.† A vision of the daffodils moved him to a state of being connected to something, as the poet wrote, â€Å"When all at once I saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils.† The concord and harmony of the â€Å"dancing daffodils† replaced his feeling of loneliness; he is no longer a â€Å"lonely cloud.† As the twinkling stars in the milky way, and the sparkling dancing waves appeared in the second stanza, they danced along with the â€Å"ten thousand† daffodils, a new state emerged for the speaker, he started to realize the world of interconnection and relationship. He sees the universe as a harmonious whole, in which every subject reflects a nd echoes the other. The daffodils became the speaker’s companions in the third stanza, and they were describing as â€Å"the jocund company† by the poet. He enjoys the company of the dancing daffodils, which brings him happiness and joy. As the poem goes on, the second emotion from the speaker occurs in the last stanza: the state of â€Å"solitude.† â€Å"For oft, when on my couch I lie, in vacant or in pensive mood, they flash upon t... Free Essays on I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud Free Essays on I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by William Wordsworth, a poem that discloses the relationship between nature and human beings: how nature can affect one’s emotion and behavior with its motion and sound. The words the author adopted in this poem are interconnected and related to each other. They are simple yet profound, letting us understand how much William Wordsworth related his works to nature and the universe. In the poem, William Wordsworth uses various natural phenomena, such as clouds, daffodils and waves, as devices to characterize his speaker’s different stages of emotion and feeling. The first few lines of the poem portrays the speaker’s initial emotion. â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud, that floats on high o’er vales and hills,† the speaker is described as a â€Å"cloud,† lonely, aimless, and cruising quickly and lightly through â€Å"vales† and â€Å"hills.† A vision of the daffodils moved him to a state of being connected to something, as the poet wrote, â€Å"When all at once I saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils.† The concord and harmony of the â€Å"dancing daffodils† replaced his feeling of loneliness; he is no longer a â€Å"lonely cloud.† As the twinkling stars in the milky way, and the sparkling dancing waves appeared in the second stanza, they danced along with the â€Å"ten thousand† daffodils, a new state emerged for the speaker, he started to realize the world of interconnection and relationship. He sees the universe as a harmonious whole, in which every subject reflects a nd echoes the other. The daffodils became the speaker’s companions in the third stanza, and they were describing as â€Å"the jocund company† by the poet. He enjoys the company of the dancing daffodils, which brings him happiness and joy. As the poem goes on, the second emotion from the speaker occurs in the last stanza: the state of â€Å"solitude.† â€Å"For oft, when on my couch I lie, in vacant or in pensive mood, they flash upon t...

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Sociology - Essay Example In addition, research based on self-report is vulnerable to the social factors affecting both the availability of research participants and their willingness to respond to researchers questions (Lee 15). On the other hand, ethnographic field work is a more comprehensive way of conducting qualitative research. In fact, it is a part of a documentary research. Nevertheless, the setting dictates when documentary research is more useful than ethnographic field work. When a researcher studies a contemporary organization, documentary research is a necessity since records such as financial statements, employee records, and other primary written sources play a role in completing the investigation. In conclusion, documentary research complements other research methods and can stand alone only if data is needed. Silverman, D. ( 2004 ). Qualitative Research : Method, Theory and Practice. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=v6X7SolgXVUC&p g=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq =ethnographic+fieldwork+vs+documentary&source=bl&ots=9hOGQsBwBG&sig=T3I02Apvvdx1VqRKVjHrBOpoqRA&hl=en&ei=-gNlS9S0CI6OkQXon6jUCg&sa=X&oi=book_ result&ct=result&resnum =5&ved =0CBoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=&f=false on Jan 15,

Wind Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Wind Energy - Essay Example This paper stresses that wind energy is extracted from wind. Extraction of this form of energy involves the use of turbines to generate electric power for both domestic uses. The history of this form of energy dates back to over 2000 years ago when wind-powered machines were used to pump water. Prof James Blyth was the brainchild of this new development. He built a ten-meter high wind turbine that he used to charge accumulators that provided power for lighting system in the cottage. In this respect, the cottage made history as the first house that utilized energy to provide electricity. This report makes a conclsuion that wind energy plays a pivotal role in sustainable development. It poses minimal threat environmental sustainability since it provides a clean source of energy. It has reduced unemployment levels by creating thousands of opportunities for farmers, ranchers and providing high-paying jobs in various fields. These fields include the turbine manufacturing plants, maintenance and operation of turbines, construction of turbines as well as their installation, transportations and logistics, legal services and maintenance. The wind energy system generates huge amount of money in the economy of a nation. For example, it generated $10billion in the economy of the United States. Due to inexhaustible nature, this energy source is plenty and reliable for use in homes and industries. Due to its benefits, many people have embraced it. It offers a suitable alternative that can be harnessed to replace exhaustible sources such as oil and coal.

Hunger in Africa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hunger in Africa - Research Paper Example Most of the countries which are intensely affected by the hunger crisis are West Africa, South Sudan, East Africa, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Mauritania, Chad, Senegal etc (â€Å"Fighting Hunger in Africa†). Currently, Africa is still suffering from this kind of crisis among its people and is still having difficulty in resolving this never ending issue. Thus, this paper aims to discuss the hunger in Africa and the major causes on why until now the countries in this continent still starve to death. However, due to the wide scope of the topic hunger in Africa, this paper only limit to the effects of hunger among children. Hunger in Africa Hunger can cause series of health problems and nutritional deficiencies if a person failed to eat sufficient amount of food intake in a daily basis. These mainly include malnutrition, stunting, underweight, undernourishment, and worst death (â€Å"Hunger†). Children are at higher risk acquiring these health conditions due to their vulner ability and low immunity. In Africa, there are about 227 million people suffering from famine and severe malnutrition. According to the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (Nepad), in every minute, 12 people die in Africa because of extreme hunger (Chiumia). Most of these hungry individuals are situated in rural areas in which their means of livelihood is agriculture and has no any alternative sources of income which made them highly vulnerable to crisis like hunger (â€Å"Hunger†). For instance, in West Africa, a number of African families had been experiencing starvation due to lack of food sources to suffice the needs of their hungry stomachs because of insufficient rainfall and failed crops. Food and even water shortage brought individuals to extreme hunger and acute malnutrition specifically children who, at their age, highly need enough food and nutrition for them to grow healthy and well-nourished. However, reports had shown that families in countries of Af rica can hardly give their family member enough food to eat everyday because of extreme poverty, high food prices, and droughts on their farms (â€Å"West Africa Child Hunger†). If not given immediate solution, malnutrition rate in Africa among individuals particularly children will grow. As a result, the immune system of children will weaken due to poor nutrition permitting them towards acquiring diseases which might kill them if treated right away. These mainly include pneumonia, malaria, and diarrhea (â€Å"Fighting Hunger in Africa†). In Niger, absenteeism rate among children in school is relatively high. Half of the class had been absent due to their intense desire to help their parents to earn a living. These children are forced to work at an early age upon seeing that their parents can no longer give them enough amount of food everyday due to poverty. Hence, they prefer to be absent in school than to let their family members starve to death. As a consequence, th ey took for granted their chances to have a better lives in the future through education and also, their right had been exploited due to child labor (â€Å"West Africa Child Hunger†). However, we cannot blame these children for their actions because what they are doing are for the benefit and survival of their families in a day to day basis. On the other hand, South Sudan is considered to have the highest child/infant mortality rate and has the

Reflexology benefits which community mental health clients experience

Reflexology benefits which community mental health clients experience Reflexology is growing in popularity in its use for a wide range of conditions such as pain management, to ease the effects of cancer treatment, and indeed mental health problems. Reflexology, a complementary therapy, has been around for many years and its main purpose is ultimately to aid relaxation and restore energy. Literature suggests that it may improve quality of life and promote well-being. An increasing demand for Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAMS) emphasises the need for more research, therefore this research proposal suggests that further research is required to understand more clearly the benefits perceived by clients when reflexology is utilised in conjunction with their exiting plan of care. SEARCH STRATEGY A comprehensive literature search was conducted in relation to reflexology for mental health illness, in particular anxiety and anxiety related disorders. It was the intention to locate valid and reliable research carried out within the last ten years, however expanding this period located much more research that was considered relevant, and thus has been included within the literature review. The main databases for the literature included Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Web of Knowledge, Swetwise, PubMed, British Nursing Index (BNI), Internurse,Wiley Interscience, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) , EBSCO, and DARE (Centre for reviews and dissemination). Keywords used within the search strategy included: reflexology, anxiety, mental health, complementary therapies, complementary medicine, perceptions of reflexology, CAMS for enduring mental health, holistic care in psychiatry, holistic approach to mental health, zone-therapy and therapeutic touch. Additional literature was sourced from The Association of Reflexology. A manual search was also conducted for relevant books and leaflets. Searching literature revealed much quantitative and qualitative research on the topic of reflexology, the majority of which was related to reflexology for physical conditions such as cancer (of various types), multiple sclerosis, and skeletal ailments. A relatively small number was associated with mental health illnesses. LITERATURE REVIEW As mentioned there is an abundance of information and research with regards to the perceived benefits of CAMS including reflexology, however methodological flaws exist within some of these studies. Here, the researcher will attempt to give a critical, yet an evaluative account, on some of the research already published on the topic of reflexology. In addition, the researcher will draw upon previous research that has been carried out on why clients use reflexology, thus understanding reasons as to why it is becoming a popular complimentary therapy. Complimentary and alternative therapies incorporate a wide spectrum of approaches, however according to the National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2007) they can be grouped into five main categories which are alternative medical systems, mind-body interventions, biologically based therapies, manipulative and body based therapies, and energy therapies. It is important to point out that these diverse modalities to not aim to neither diagnose or cure an illness; they merely aim to promote wellness and enhance wellbeing (Mamtani and Cimino, 2002). In recent years complementary therapies have seen an increase in popularity (Harris and Rees, 2000; Kessler et al, 2001; Russinova, 2009) for all age groups (Barnes and Bloom, 2008) and the reasons for this are varied. Change the start of this paragraph†¦ The Complementary and Alternative Medicines Project (2008) was commissioned by the Department of Health Social Services and Public Safety (DHSSPS) in 2000. Get Well UK a non-profit organisation was appointed to oversee the project. A large sample of 713 clients who had either musculoskeletal or mental health conditions were referred to the study by their General Practitioner (GP) with the aim of exploring the potential use of CAMS within existing primary care services. Utilising the measure yourself medical outcome profile allowed data to be generated through a validated measurement. Respondents were asked to complete this before their first treatment and again after their final treatment. Additionally there were independent surveys conducted via post to the participants, the GPs and the CAMS practitioners involved. The modalities of CAMS within the study included reflexology, aromatherapy, homeopathy, acupuncture, massage, chiropractor and osteopathy. Upon evaluation, it was concluded that 79% of those who took part felt an improvement in the mental health, 69% reported an improvement on their well being, and 84% reported that improvement of their well being was directly due to the CAM treatments. In addition, 94% stated that they would definitely recommend CAM treatments to others with similar complaints to themselves. Since the research, The Prince of Wales has called for a  £10 million investment into research of CAMS. Whilst the conclusion of this research appears promising for the various therapies involved, a closer look reveals that only a minority of mental health conditions were included in the selection criteria, which were anxiety, stress and depression. If the inclusion criteria allowed for a range of mental health conditions, their findings may have been different. However, strength is that it had a large sample size, which many other studies have failed to have. In response to the above research project, the Government strongly hold the view that more evidence is required, and recommended that research should attempt to contribute to the existing evidence based using the same rigorous methods that is required and desired of conventional medicine (Department of Health, 2001). Reflexology has been described as a technique used to promote the healing powers of the body that works on the premise that certain areas of the feet correspond to areas of the body. It is a non-evasive therapy where gentle pressure is applied to areas of the foot. It is believed that reflexology was practiced in china as early as 4000 BC. Reflexology, originally named zone therapy emerged from America during early 20th century. Reflexology is increasing being utilised in palliative care settings and have found to be effective in alleviating anxiety, additionally improving their physical, emotional, spiritual and psychological well being. Gambles et al (2002) carried out semi-structured interviews to identify cancer patients perceptions after a course of reflexology was offered. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of reflexology offered in outpatients. Positive results were derived from the analysis demonstrating that reflexology was beneficial for this group of clients. The majority of the clients indicated that the main benefits perceived were a reduction in anxiety levels. Other clients highlighted a reduction in pain, and some noted an improvement in their sleep pattern. The lack of negative comments in this study indicates that reflexology was positively received by the client group. However as the findings were mainly gathered from narrative, thus subjective data, it could be said that lack of objective measurement reduces it value. However, the paper included some of the raw data in the form of quotations which enhanced the validity and credibility of the research. While the above research was carried out in Scotland, similar research has been carried out in England (Lewith et al, 2002). Washington Hospices have also seen a significant rise in demand in the utilisation of complementary therapies for individualised, holistic client care (Kozac et al 2009) Research carried out in Northern Ireland to assess CAM use suggested that Reflexology was among the top six therapies used in Northern Ireland. The main reason for the use of reflexology was to enhance wellness and relaxation (Mc Donagh et al, 2007). The method used to carry out this research was surveys and had a sample of 100 people. Write more about this Bring in here about the Mind Report (unpublished research) A qualitative study (Richardson, 2004) found that clients rationale for using complementary therapies is diverse. Reasons ranged from clients feeling unhappy with orthodox medicine, having poor relationships with their GP, for symptom relief, and the increased availability of many complimentary therapies. Not dissimilar to the findings, although more specific to the reasons why clients avail of reflexology, Bishop et al (2008) found that reasons range from; for pleasure, as a treat, anticipated beliefs, prevention/management or alleviating current physical and mental health problems, and as a supplement or addition to conventional medicine. While this research was carried out in England and had a sample population of 46 clients, a bigger sample may have identified broader variations for their use. A systematic review by Wang et al (2008) agreed that there is indeed evidence to support that reflexology may have potential benefits; however they hold the view that there is no evidence to support its efficacy. To conclude their review they suggested that the routine provision of reflexology is not recommended for any illness or condition, expect for some symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. Upon completing a systemic review Ernst (2009) and in agreement with Wang et al (2008) also concluded that there is evidence to suggest the effectiveness of reflexology although the results of previous studies are not convincing as the methodologies utilised within the trials were often poor with small sample sizes, lacked objective data or contained inaccurate measurements. As the systematic review focused on physical conditions and not mental health disorders the Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of the methodology. This instrument, often used for RCTs within the context of p hysical therapy has a score range of 0-5 (5 being highest quality) and is based on three criteria, is often used globally for the measurement of RCTs (Olivio et al, 2008). It is important however to note that research within complementary therapies often face difficulty in obtaining objective data as it is a very individualised approach, therefore client outcomes vary due to the clients values and belief system and evidence is placed on client feedback and satisfaction. Health professionals are encouraged to work towards evidence based practice, however, as the evidence mainly comes about as the result of Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) this can often place professionals in a dilemma due to the lack of RCTs in some complementary therapies (need ref) The underpinnings of RCTs are that of objective measurement, and often reject or disregard subjective data, which in turn make it more difficult to obtain hard evidence. CAM practitioners and reflexologists treat clients with individ uality, they see their clients as unique therefore the treatment is unique. As a result much of the research into reflexology does not fit adequately in the criteria for RCTs as emphasis is placed on individualising care, not placed on standardising care. For this reason lack of objectivity should not be lack of effectiveness. Need a linking sentence There have been significant changes and developments into the way mental health care is delivered, with much focus and emphasis on community based care. This shift from the traditional long stay hospitals has been seen as a positive step towards person centred holistic care. There is indeed much focus on recovery with the aim of supporting clients to manage their illness so that they can continue to reside within their community and live their life to their optimal best. Beresford (2000) and The Mental Health Foundation (2000) found that people wish to play an active role in their recovery from mental illness which includes being involved in the treatment and decision process and would like the opportunity to avail of complementary therapies. Thornicroft et al (2008) hold the view that central to the provision of effective community based care is that services need to reflect the needs of the clients, be holistic, individualised and patient centred. Keep this paragraph at the end of lit rev. People with mental health illnesses such as anxiety and anxiety related disorders often require different treatments, therapies and services to help them deal with, thus manage their illness more effectively (Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, 2005). Regardless of any methodological flaws, it is important that health professionals take into account clients motivations for using complimentary therapies such as reflexology. We must listen to the clients perceived benefits and work towards a greater understanding of such benefits. . CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 DESIGN Quantitative and qualitative approaches, what do each entail, why I have chosen mixed methods There are two main approaches to research; qualitative and quantitative. Each have there own advantages and indeed limitations. These approaches do not have to be used alone, they can often be used together. Mc Neill and Chapman (2005) put forward that mixed methods are often desirable as it enables the researcher to overcome some of the inherent weaknesses that many methods possess. Qualitative research design is often used to gather sensitive information. It aims to gain a more in-depth understanding of peoples beliefs, values, opinions and experiences. The rationale for choosing qualitative over quantitative approaches is that qualitative methods are more holistic; it seeks to understand perceptions held by individuals, and seeks to find out why instead of how many. It is a naturalistic approach whereby the research is carried out under natural conditions. Although qualitative data can be hard to objectively measure, it remains valuable because it considers and represents the perception of humans. A frequent criticism is that the qualitative approach lacks rigour (Rolphe, 2006). Bradbury-Jones (2007) suggest that keeping a reflective diary can enhance rigour whereby the researcher can reflect on their own values, beliefs and preconceptions which can all affect how the responses of the respondents are interpreted. Parahoo (2006) holds the view that reflexivity is not always easy to achieve and suggests that allowing the respondents to read the data obtained for agreement or clarification is a way of validating the data obtained. within the qualitative approach, It is argued that in order to assess the effectiveness and indeed efficacy of any treatment, service or therapy, randomised controlled trails (RCTs) should be used. RCTs are seen to be the gold standard of research (Kunz et al, 2007), however there are also limitations and criticisms of RCTs, especially where placebos are used (Vaque and Rossiter, 2001) Willaims and Garner (2002) proclaim that RCTs merely provide information about groups rather than individual clients. Many RCTs often give age restrictions and tend to focus on groups with the same diagnosis, in other words clients with dual diagnosis or mixed diagnosis are often excluded. Whilst we are encouraged to incorporate the results of RCTs, Naylors (1995) viewpoint is that RCTs lack external validity therefore it is not always possible to use the results and apply them in clinical settings. Using this approach in vulnerable groups also raises several ethical questions and concerns (American Psychiatric Association, 2006; Tharyan, 2006). However Green (2008) exerts that excluding vulnerable groups may also exclude them from gaining benefits The researcher proposes to use semi structured interviews (qualitative) as a means of collecting data and there are many reasons for taking this approach. This method can provide the researcher with rich and valuable information about the experiences and perceptions of clients with a mental health illness. SAMPLE Parahoo (2005) reminds us that selecting a sample for research requires much consideration, especially in mental health nursing research. The target population (sample) required for this proposal is 6 clients within the local community who currently have a diagnosis of anxiety or any anxiety related disorder as categorised in the DSM IV or ICD 10. The vulnerability of this group of clients must be considered whilst recruiting clients. Polit and Back (2004) exerts that clients should never feel obliged to take part in any study and no coercion from the researcher must take place. It is therefore important that when discussing the research with clients that it is emphasised that there will be no penalty for refusal to take part. Write about how you will get the sample How many Inclusion and exclusion criteria For the purpose of this research proposal the researcher has suggested convenience sampling, sometimes referred to as volunteer sampling. As the name suggests the sample is convenient, and is fairly typical of a qualitative approach to research (Burnard, 2004; Polit and Beck, 2010). However, Convenience sampling is not without its limitations (write about some limitations, also the good points). There are no set rules concerning samples sizes, although qualitative sample sizes are generally much smaller than quantitative sample sizes. In order to obtain the sample needed the assistance of the community mental health team (CMHT) is required. An information booklet containing the topic and aims of the research will be mailed to members of the CMHT. When nurses are located the researcher intends to arrange a small conference so that any issues can be raised, this will also provide an opportunity for the CMHT to ask questions. It is important that the researcher also leaves their contact details should any further questions arise. When the team are happy with the research topic and aims, they can discuss this (if applicable) with their clients and leave a participant information booklet with their client to read. If clients have any literacy or reading limitations or any sight problems then it is imperative that their nurse read out the information, or if preferred an audio cass ette will be prepared so the client can listen to the tape at their own time and pace. A client with literacy or communication difficulties should not be discriminated against and it is important that they are not excluded due to reasons mentioned. It may however pose challenges in the data collection and analysis (Low, 2006) The researchers contact details will be provided on the information booklet, which will enable the client to contact the researcher for more information if required. When six clients have shown interest and agreed to participate a consent form must be signed (see appendix). Arrangements will then be put in place, at the convenience of the participants and the reflexologist for the reflexology to commence. 2.3 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION semi structured interviews, BDI 2.4 ROBUSTNESS OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS 2.5 DATA ANALYSIS how are you going to analysis the data, ie through recordings, transcribing the data from the tape etc 2.6 PILOT STUDY 2.7 PROCEDURE FOR MAIN STUDY 2.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Research such as the Milgram experiment (where participants inflicted electric shocks to another participant), The Stanford Prison experiment (where participants became verbally and physically abusive towards one another) and The Monster Study (where an attempt to induce stuttering was conducted on orphans) a number of ethical principles and frameworks have been developed with the main aim being the protection of participants well-being (Kovisto et al, 2001; Keogh and Daly, 2009). Indeed the Numberg trials at the end of the second world also received much controversy. This resulted in the formulation of the Numberg code, which has been noted to be one of the worlds most recognised ethical documentation. The Numberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration provide the basis for research. These basic principles are used globally any can provide researchers with an outline to the ethical, moral and legal obligations of research (Benard and Ficher, 2006) Ethical considerations are an important element in any type of research and the onus of upholding the ethics of research should be the responsibility of the researcher (Research Council UK, 2009). Clients with a mental health illness are a vulnerable group and many steps must be taken for their protection. Ethical approval will be sought from the relevant bodies (appendix) (University of Ulster, 2006). it is advised that this can be a lengthy process so the letter will be mailed at the earliest available date. Ethical considerations is not merely about non- maleficience, and beneficence, it is much broader than that. Consideration of the benefits versus the risks must be considered. No research should ever intentionally cause harm. As mentioned in section †¦. An information booklet will be provided for those who wish to take part. The information provided will be easily read, wherever possible will be free of jargon so that it is comprehensible to the reader. A list of contact numbers of local organisations will also be added to the booklet as the nature of the study is obtaining information from a vulnerable population group and any likelihood of upset must be addressed. Other information included in the booklet is; what will happen when the research is completed, upholding confidentiality, the right to withdraw and complaints procedures (Medical Research Council, 2005). It is important that all this information is capsulated within the booklet as a new procedure, intervention or ser vice may seem confusing at first and provoke unnecessary anxiety to both the client and the staff involved. Data Analysis Researchers who use qualitative approaches to gain information can use several ways of analysing their data (Elo and Kyngas, 2007). Only the data analysis method applicable to this research proposal will be discussed here. The first stage of narrative data analysis is to gather all the information that was obtained from the participants, although this may first appear relatively easy task to do, the reality is that it is a lengthy and time consuming process. Furthermore it is not an easy or straightforward task to accomplish. When transcribing the tape recordings it is important that we consider the rate and tone of the speech and be aware of the colloquialisms (slang) used in everyday conversations. Pauses, sighs or any prolonged silences must also be noted as excluding any of these will result in losing valuable information and the transcription will not emphasise or illustrate an understanding of what the participant is trying to put across, in other words we need to be extremely careful when interpreting the data.

Cryobiology: Low Temperature Studies Of Biological Systems :: Biology Biological Papers

Cryobiology: Low Temperature Studies Of Biological Systems Thesis: Low temperature biology, or cryobiology, has the possibility, and may very easily and very drastically affect everyones' lives in the future. Through rapidly approaching cryobiological medical procedures and techniques, the presence of intense ethical issues may play an important role in many everyday decisions that do not now exist. Introduction What is cryobiology? It is "the study of the effects of freezing and low temperatures on living organisms" (Read, 1999). While the main focus of cryobiology is on living organisms (as suggested above), cryobiological techniques have been expanded to include treatment of nonliving things as well. This addition of non-living objects has expanded the focus to not only include plants, animals, and humans, but also to include machinery and other metal objects. A common synonym of cryobiology is "cryogenics". According to the New American Desk Encyclopedia (1989), cryogenics is defined as "the branch of physics dealing with the behavior of matter at very low temperatures, and with the production of those temperatures." As can be seen, cryogenics is a slightly more focused study of the cryobiological field dealing primarily with production methods of those freezing temperatures. Another sub-study field, if you will, is that of cryonics. Cryonics is defined as the practice of freezing humans who are not curable by current medical technology, in the hope that ways may be found to bring them back to life at some future time when ways of repairing the damage caused by the freezing process have been developed, as well as cures of the diseases or other causes of death which necessitated their cryonics suspension (Cryogenics International, 1999). As suggested above, cryobiology is primarily centered on the effects on those living organisms or non-living objects, although the methods and procedures are also very important. All around the world new and improved techniques are being tested to make this a better medical and preservational procedure. Not only are the different techniques and procedures getting increased attention, but also many accompanying controversial issues are as well. Low temperature biology, or cryobiology, has the possibility to very easily and very drastically affect everyoneà ­s lives in the future. Through rapidly approaching cryobiological medical procedures and techniques, the presence of intense ethical issues may play an important role in many everyday decisions that do not now exist. Cryobiology Techniques There are many different cryobiological techniques that exist and are being used today. Cryobiology: Low Temperature Studies Of Biological Systems :: Biology Biological Papers Cryobiology: Low Temperature Studies Of Biological Systems Thesis: Low temperature biology, or cryobiology, has the possibility, and may very easily and very drastically affect everyones' lives in the future. Through rapidly approaching cryobiological medical procedures and techniques, the presence of intense ethical issues may play an important role in many everyday decisions that do not now exist. Introduction What is cryobiology? It is "the study of the effects of freezing and low temperatures on living organisms" (Read, 1999). While the main focus of cryobiology is on living organisms (as suggested above), cryobiological techniques have been expanded to include treatment of nonliving things as well. This addition of non-living objects has expanded the focus to not only include plants, animals, and humans, but also to include machinery and other metal objects. A common synonym of cryobiology is "cryogenics". According to the New American Desk Encyclopedia (1989), cryogenics is defined as "the branch of physics dealing with the behavior of matter at very low temperatures, and with the production of those temperatures." As can be seen, cryogenics is a slightly more focused study of the cryobiological field dealing primarily with production methods of those freezing temperatures. Another sub-study field, if you will, is that of cryonics. Cryonics is defined as the practice of freezing humans who are not curable by current medical technology, in the hope that ways may be found to bring them back to life at some future time when ways of repairing the damage caused by the freezing process have been developed, as well as cures of the diseases or other causes of death which necessitated their cryonics suspension (Cryogenics International, 1999). As suggested above, cryobiology is primarily centered on the effects on those living organisms or non-living objects, although the methods and procedures are also very important. All around the world new and improved techniques are being tested to make this a better medical and preservational procedure. Not only are the different techniques and procedures getting increased attention, but also many accompanying controversial issues are as well. Low temperature biology, or cryobiology, has the possibility to very easily and very drastically affect everyoneà ­s lives in the future. Through rapidly approaching cryobiological medical procedures and techniques, the presence of intense ethical issues may play an important role in many everyday decisions that do not now exist. Cryobiology Techniques There are many different cryobiological techniques that exist and are being used today.

Famous Management Journals

RESEARCH WORSHOP ASSIGNMENT # 04 According to the subject classification of your discipline print the followings: ? List the journals in your discipline ? List of approved journals by HEC ? List of journals in your area for ISI Thomson list ? List of some selected journals with some impact factor MPhil Human Resource Management SUBMITTED ON: 2nd March, 2012 Discipline Chosen: Management Area Chosen: HRM Journal Stated (Management): 141 HRM Journal as per ISI Thomson List: 110 Impact factor as per 2010 SERIAL NO: |NAME OF JOURNAL |3-YEAR IMPACT FACTOR |5-YEAR IMPACT FACTOR |HRM JOURNAL IN ISI | | |(MANAGEMENT) | | |THOMSON LIST | |1 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT ANNALS |5. 440 |5. 342 |? | |2 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL |5. 250 |10. 779 |? | |3 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT LEARNING & EDUCATION |2. 33 |3. 333 | | |4 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES |2. 470 |2. 500 |? | |5 |ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT REVIEW |6. 720 |11. 657 |? | |6 |ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE QUARTERLY |3. 684 |7. 539 |? | |7 |ADVANCES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT-A RESEARCH ANNUAL |0. 43 |0. 636 | | |8 |ADVANCES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT-A RESEARCH ANNUAL | | | | |9 |AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT | | |? | |10 |AMERICAN REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION | | |? | |11 |ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES |0. 18 | |? | |12 |ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |3. 355 | |? | |13 |ASIAN BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT |0. 610 | |? | |14 |AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |0. 469 | |? | |15 |AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION | | |? |16 |BALTIC JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |0. 525 | |? | |17 |BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY | | |? | |18 |BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING |0. 403 |0. 646 |? | |19 |BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS |1. 033 |1. 529 |? | |20 |BRITISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |1. 85 |2. 631 |? | |21 |CALIFORNIA MANAGEMENT REVIEW |1. 706 |2. 524 |? | |22 |CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES |0. 714 |0. 695 |? | |23 |CAREER DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY |1. 345 |1. 406 |? | |24 |CHINESE MANAGEMENT ST UDIES |0. 750 |0. 39 |? | |25 |CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND PEACE SCIENCE | | |? | |26 |CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL | | |? | |27 |CULTURE AND ORGANIZATION | | |? | |28 |DECISION SCIENCES |2. 233 |3. 937 |? |29 |Â  EUROPEAN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT | | | | |30 |EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS |0. 690 |0. 926 |? | |31 |EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT |0. 220 | |? | |32 |EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY |1. 489 |2. 682 |? |33 |EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT JOURNAL | | |? | |34 |FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT | | | | |35 |GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION |0. 733 |1. 373 |? | |36 |GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT |2. 415 |2. 710 |? | |37 |GROUP DECISION AND NEGOTIATION |1. 48 |1. 313 |? | |38 |HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW |1. 881 |2. 671 |? | |39 |HUMAN ORGANIZATION | | |? | |40 |HUMAN PERFORMANCE |0. 636 |1. 962 |? | |41 |HUMAN RELATIONS |1. 701 |2. 95 |? | |42 |HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY |0. 475 | |? | |43 |HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT |1. 341 |1. 825 |? | |44 |HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL | | |? | |45 |HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW |2. 796 | |? |46 |INDUSTRIAL & LABOR RELATIONS REVIEW |1. 071 |1. 607 |? | |47 |INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE| | |? | | |AND PRACTICE | | | | |48 |INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS |1. 311 |1. 948 |? |49 |Â  INDUTRIAL MARKETING MANAGEMENT | | | | |50 |INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT | | | | |51 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT | | |? | |52 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT |0. 869 |1. 610 |? |53 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION | | |? | |54 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS | | |? | |55 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS |2. 641 |4. 304 |? | |56 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER |0. 429 |0. 752 |? | |57 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS & PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT |1. 12 |2. 792 | | |58 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT | | | | |59 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION & ASSESMENT | | |? | |6 0 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT |0. 859 |1. 361 |? | |61 |INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STRESS MANAGEMENT | | |? |62 |INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION | | |? | |63 |INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL | | |? | |64 |INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES |0. 848 |0. 798 |? | |65 |JOURNAL FOR EAST EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT STUDIES |0. 781 | |? | |66 |JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE |1. 82 | |? | |67 |JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY |3. 977 |6. 730 |? | |68 |Â  JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY | | |? | |69 |JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING |1. 672 |2. 409 |? | |70 |JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT |3. 66 | | | |71 |JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT | | | | |72 |JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH |1. 773 |2. 484 |? | |73 |JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT |1. 639 |1. 986 |? | |74 |JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT |1. 50 |1. 125 |? | |75 |Â  JOURNAL OF CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY | | |? | |76 |JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT |0. 623 |0. 894 |? | |77 |JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY |1. 123 |1. 656 | | |78 |JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY-APPLIED |2. 237 |2. 09 |? | |79 |JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION | | |? | |80 |JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS |0. 430 | |? | |81 |JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDIES |4. 184 |5. 539 |? | |82 |JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION | | |? |83 |JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTING | | | | |84 |JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT |1. 298 | |? | |85 |JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |3. 758 |6. 210 |? | |86 |JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION |0. 425 | |? | |87 |JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT INQUIRY |1. 83 |1. 600 |? | |88 |JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES |3. 817 |4. 684 |? | |89 |JOURNAL OF MANAGERIAL PSYCHOLOGY |2. 150 | |? | |90 |JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY |0. 882 |2. 259 |? | |91 |JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT |5. 093 |6. 29 | | |92 |JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR |2. 351 |4. 411 |? | |93 |JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHA VIOR MANAGEMENT |0. 963 |1. 222 |? | |94 |JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT |0. 650 |0. 944 |? | |95 |JOURNAL OF PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY | | |? |96 |JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT | | | | |97 |JOURNAL OF PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT | | | | |98 |JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT | | | | |99 |JOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT |5. 853 |11. 06 | | |100 |JOURNAL OF THE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH SOCIETY |1. 102 |1. 481 | | |101 |JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR |2. 604 |3. 928 | | |102 |JOURNAL OF WORLD BUSINESS | | |? | |103 |KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH & PRACTICE |0. 55 | | | |104 |LEADERSHIP |0. 535 |1. 381 |? | |105 |LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY |2. 902 |4. 919 |? | |106 |Â  MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING RESEARCH | | | | |107 |MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW |2. 06 | |? | |108 |MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY | | | | |109 |MANAGEMENT DECISION |1. 078 | | | |110 |MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL REVIEW |0. 882 | |? | |111 |MANAGEMENT SCIENCE |2. 221 |3. 66 |? | |112 |MIS QUARTERLY |5. 041 |9. 821 | | |113 |MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW |1. 452 |2. 317 |? | |114 |NEW TECHNOLOGY WORK AND EMPLOYMENT |0. 469 |1. 000 |? | |115 |OMEGA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE |3. 467 |3. 733 |? |116 |ORGANIZATION |1. 488 |2. 152 |? | |117 |ORGANIZATION & ENVIRONMENT | | |? | |118 |ORGANIZATION SCIENCE |3. 800 |5. 838 |? | |119 |ORGANIZATION STUDIES |2. 339 | |? | |120 |ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES |2. 80 |3. 586 |? | |121 |ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS |0. 862 |0. 979 |? | |122 |ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS |4. 423 |5. 350 |? | |123 |PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY |3. 367 |6. 395 |? | |124 |PERSONNEL REVIEW |0. 446 |1. 74 |? | |125 |Â  PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT | | | | |126 |PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION |1. 292 |1. 938 |? | |127 |PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REVIEW |1. 295 |1. 387 |? | |128 |Â  PUBLIC PERFORMANCE AND MANAGEMENT REVIEW | | |? |129 |PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT |0. 200 |0. 479 |? | |130 |R & D MANAGEMENT |1. 580 |2. 806 |? | |131 |RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR |4. 833 |5. 167 |? | |132 |REVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION | | |? | |133 |REVIEW OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION |0. 91 | |? | |134 |SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT |1. 108 | |? | |135 |SMALL GROUP RESEARCH |1. 148 |1. 888 | | |136 |SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT |0. 146 | | | |137 |STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT JOURNAL |3. 583 |6. 18 | | |138 |STRATEGIC ORGANIZATION |2. 727 | | | |139 |TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT & BUSINESS EXCELLENCE | | | | |140 |WORK AND OCCUPATIONS |0. 857 |1. 682 |? | |141 |WORK AND STRESS |3. 071 |4. 71 |? | |TOTAL |141 |99 |75 |110 | HEC RECOGNIZED JOURNALS: 10 DISCIPLINE: MANAGEMENT 1. Business Review 2. Journal of Behavioral Sciences 3. Journal of Gender & Social Issues 4. Journal of Independent Studies and Research? Management 5. Journal of Quality & Technology Management 6. Pakistan Business Review 7. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 8. Pakistan Journal of Psychology 9. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Indu strial Research 10. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences

Understanding How the Medical and Social Model of Disability Supports People With Disability

Understanding How the Medical and Social Model of Disability Supports People With Disability Introduction Disability is a term that is used to described people who are not able to independently live, achieve their livelihood, attain mobility, speak, learn, take care of themselves among other problems. Most of these are developmental problems and others can occur as a result of accidents.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Understanding How the Medical and Social Model of Disability Supports People With Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other disabilities are congenital, that is, a disability one was born with as a result of genetic failure. Some of these disabilities include Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, fetal alcohol syndrome among others. The word disability was first used in 1970 in the U.S where it was used by the congress as they were setting the law in order to improve the living standards of institutions where the disadvantaged people were living (Neef, 2001). The word disability is also used in the society to describe a group of people who need specialized services. The disabled in the society are identified by the support groups who are offering the services (Tassoni et al, 2005). From the medical field disability can be used to describe people who have mental disorder, physical, cognitive or chronic diseases that can occur before birth or during life time. Disability is also personal and how a person deals with it depends on the support of family members, friends, relatives, and peers. The medical model concentrates on how a disabled person interacts with other people while society model shows how the society interacts with disabled persons. Disabled people may suffer isolation and discrimination and to prevent this society should be aware of these people and help them with their needs (Scrambler, 2008).Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Medical Model of Disability Medical model of disability takes disability as a personal thing and it has to be determined by a doctor and a person has to provide medical certificates to prove his disability. Medical model view disability as a deficiency and that being disabled is negative. It also suggests that disability is a personal thing and that the treatment requires a medical professional. It focuses on the cure and stabilization of a person (Parens, 2006). According to medical model, disability can decrease the quality of life and cause disadvantages to the person. In the medical model, medical solutions such as surgery and therapies are used to try to cure the condition or normalize a person so as to fit in the society and be able to meet the needs of a person. In medical model, professionals believe in curing the condition permanently or trying to change its cause in order to normalize the life of a person. They believe in having an in depth understanding of its cause. Medical mode l of disability is seen as a social degradation of disabled people. Medical model involves the history, complainant, physical examination, laboratory tests, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It is a pathology that is trying to treat the symptoms that are causing disability (Hauritz, 1998). Medical model conducts researches on physical and psychological problems on basis of cause and treatment. It has been observed that in medical model mental illness is examined on behavior of a person and not physical examination this lower the standards of medical model and it is being criticized. The medical model involves cooperation of the doctor and patient. The patient and the doctor are determined in curing the disability. When the medical model fails the patient feel disappointed and discouraged while on the other hand the doctor feels frustrated because of the failure to achieve the goal.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Understanding How the Medical and So cial Model of Disability Supports People With Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The patient may lose trust on the model and stop complying with treatment. The doctor may lose confidence with his medical practice. Medical model believes that the society should invest in the medical treatment of people in order to reduce disability and normalize self dependence of disabled people. The profession in medical model is seen as central (Burkhauser Daly, 2002). Advantages of Medical Model of Disability One of the advantages of the medical model is that a disabled person can be cured completely from his disability. Medical model deal with investigating the real origin of the disability and try to treat it and it does not revolve on speculations. This makes it possible to cure the disability. Disability model has instituted the rights of disabled people and independent living movements have gained strength. Medical model does not view disab ility as a deviance in the society but as a condition that can be treated and a person live a normal independent life. Medical model is against social discrimination of people with disability and refers to this as worsening the condition. Medical model of disability gets funding from the government and people can benefit from subsidized treatment of disability (Laslei Anita, 2000). Problems of Medical Model of Disability Money is seen as being misdirected to the expensive treatment of disability instead of being directed to social development activities to assist disabled people financially. This includes money used on drugs, tests, surgical procedures (Emerso, 1995). The social model prefers that such money be put for social development for the whole society to benefit. Disability rights people view medical model of disability as a civil right issue and look down on medical people who use it in their portrayal of disabled people.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People in the society view the medical model as a way of pitying and negative disempowerment of disabled people instead of viewing disability as a political and social problem. Medical model of disability suffers the social cultural criticism as the culture affects the accessibility and adherence to treatment (Alder et al, 2009). Conclusion Medical model of disability is involved in finding out the origin of the disability through history, physical examination, and tests. Upon finding the cause, its main goal is to treat and cure the disabled person in order to improve on the self dependence of a person and normalcy life. Medical model of disability involves the cooperation of the patient and medical professional in treating the disability. Medical model of disability is critical to the disabled rights and civil rights (Tassoni, 2003). It can be trusted in defining disability for a person to get social support. It suffers criticism from the social model of disability and it is seen as a way of sympathizing with disabled people, which is referred as unintended social degradation of disabled people. Reference List Alder et al, (2009). Psychology And Sociology Applied To Medicine. New York: Routledge. Burkhauser, R. Daly, M. (2002). United States Disability Policy in a Changing Environment. Journal of Economic Perspective. Emerso, E. (1995). Challenging Behavior: Analysis and Intervention with People with Learning Difficulties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Hauritz, M. (1998). Justice for People with Disabilities; Legal Institute Issues. New York: Federation press. Laslei F Anita S, (2000). Americans with Disabilities. New York: Routledge. Neef, N. (2001). The Past and Future of Behavior Analysis in Developmental Disabilities: When Good News is bad and Bad News is good. The Behavior Analyst Today. Parens, E. (2006). Surgical Shaping Children.Technology, Ethics and the Pursuit of Normality. New York: JHU press Scrambler, G. (2008). Sociology As Applied T o Medicine. New York: Elsevier health science. Tassoni, et al, (2005). Children’s Care, Learning and Development. California: Heinemann. Tassoni, P. (2003). Supporting Special Need; Understanding Inclusion in the Early Years. California: Hinemann

Gender Equity and Justice essays

Gender Equity and Justice essays In our complex and growing society many issues have brought about great debate and many more still need to be debated. "Why do women feel oppressed?" "Why do men make more money?" "How are women portrayed in media?" Questions like these consistently spark arguments on an extremely sore subject, Gender Equity and Justice. Gender Equity and Justice is an issue that has been debated and has opened the door into many problems in this country as well as the world as a whole. The article, Women, minorities could make an impact, the writers discuss the topic of women being challenged in the political system. the Ontario Legislature will have more women and visible minorities [in politics] (Black, Debra Laurie. Women, minorities could make an impact. Oct. 2003). 1). In this last provincial election the people of Ontario had voted to choose change. They elected a record of, eight visible minorities and 22 women out of 103 ridings, the second largest percentage in the history of the province (Black and Monsebraaten, pg. 1, 2003). This may be beneficial to women, but also raises concerns about important issues. Many women feel that in a world of such struggle and controversy that, womens voices in particular, need to be heard in attempts to change things for the better. Many are hoping womens issues will return to the political agenda (Black and Monsebraaten, pg. 1, 2003). In order for women citizens to have an input in political reform, they have to have an equal say on issues that surround everyone and those that pertain specifically In addition, it has been proven that, women are concerned [with such issues as], social spending, social services, schools, home care and homelessness (Black and Monsebraaten, pg. 2, 2003). These issue ...

Why is contributing comments to a study group more effective than Essay

Why is contributing comments to a study group more effective than (just) reading other students comments on paper - Essay Example Asking questions is the converse of contributing comments; essentially, asking questions is a way of encouraging the members to formulate their own explanations. By asking for clarification whenever one fails to understand something, the student will gain useful insights that he might not yet have considered. By arranging his confusion into a question, any inconsistencies in the student's thinking can be pointed out to him, and the assumptions implied by his question are at the same time exposed to the scrutiny of the group. Furthermore, because of the diverse personalities in study groups, each individual will likely have something unique and useful to contribute to the group; and by asking questions, these unique traits can be encouraged to surface. A good way of reviewing one's knowledge is by explaining the concepts involved in the subject matter, especially to a study group, thus it is advisable that students take the responsibility of teaching each other.

BUSINESS MODEL INTERROGATION & DEVELOPMENT Case Study

BUSINESS MODEL INTERROGATION & DEVELOPMENT - Case Study Example The company owns four business subsidiaries, Enterprise Solutions Group (ESG), End User computing (EUC), Dell Services and Dell Software. The EUC unit caters to the end users with laptops, notebooks, tablets and third party software applications along with other computer equipments and peripherals (Marketline, 2014). The rapid growth of technology over the past two decades has opened up prospective business opportunities for the company. The usage of computer devises in the global perspective has increased exponentially over the years and is likely to increase further in the coming five years (Census Bureau, 2013).The global revenue generated from the personal computer industry has increased to $427.12billion as of 2013 from $410.04 billion in 2012 (Morningstar, 2014). This indicates that the overall personal computer market is likely to grow in the near future. Over the years, the computing devices have evolved and the advent of mobile computing devices has changed the global usage of computers. Therefore, Dell has changed its product development strategies and has focused on laptops and tablets. The stock prices of Dell over the last 10 years suggest that the company has been quite profitable till 2008. However, the decline of stock prices started to accelerate after 2008. The stock price took a deep down turn in the first quarter of 2009 and again in the last quarter of 2012 (Google, 2015). After the last decline in the share prices, Dell has managed to restore its business, thereby increasing its share prices. The decline in the stock prices was mostly due to the increasing competition in the personal computer market. The growing usage of computing devices has attracted a lot of player in the market like Lenovo, Asus, HP, etc. This as a result had drastically increased the challenge for Dell, thereby degrading its sales volume which in turn decreased its share prices (Statista, 2014a; Myers, 1977). The organizational structure is characterized by a